Understanding Staking Yields and Economics on Ethereum & Solana

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Ethereum has 34.4M ETH staked (28% of current supply), while Solana’s active staked supply is 297M SOL (51% of current supply ratio), due to lower barrier to entry for delegators.
Ethereum has a larger validator set of 1.07M validators, while Solana, with higher hardware demands, has 5,048 validators but over 1.21M delegators.
Ethereum’s nominal staking yield is 3.08% (2.73% inflation-adjusted), serving as a benchmark for the on-chain economy. Solana offers higher yields of 11.5% (12.5% real), though delegators earn less than validators due to differing reward structures.
Ethereum’s continuous issuance results in an annualized inflation rate of 0.35%, with burns from EIP-1559 often leading to deflationary periods. Solana follows an epoch-based inflation schedule with a current annualized inflation rate of 4.7%, set to stabilize at 1.5%.

Ethereum and Solana are the two largest proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain networks, each adopting different approaches to achieve consensus and secure their ecosystems. Both rely on staking, requiring participants to commit their native tokens, ETH or SOL, to validators who play a critical role in maintaining network integrity. To incentivize honest participation, stakers earn staking rewards, aligning their actions with the network’s best interests.

This yield enhances their appeal as cash flow generating assets, serving as the benchmark rate in the on-chain economy analogous to US Treasury bonds in traditional finance. In this week’s issue of State of the Network, we examine Coin Metrics’ new staking yield and inflation metrics to understand Ethereum and Solana’s staking mechanics and network economics, contextualizing their staking ecosystems.

Since the introduction of the Beacon Chain (Consensus Layer) in December 2020, there is now 34.4M ETH staked on the Ethereum network. 28% of ETH’s current supply of 120.4M is staked (also referred to as the staking ratio), while 72% percent remains unstaked, in smart contracts and externally owned accounts. While Ethereum’s staking ratio grew rapidly from 14% to 28% after the Shapella upgrade, it has remained around 28% as demand for staking has cooled down.

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data Pro

To become a validator on the Ethereum network, participants must contribute 32 ETH as collateral or provide smaller denominations of ETH to staking pools or exchanges that manage the operational aspects of staking. This 32 ETH is also known as a validator’s maximum effective balance, which is slated to change to a maximum of 2048 ETH in the upcoming Pectra upgrade. Ethereum currently has 1.07M active validators, a figure expected to decrease as validator consolidation occurs.

Today, the nominal ETH staking yield stands at 3.08%, while the real (inflation-adjusted) yield is 2.73%. Ethereum’s base staking yield has decreased over time as the amount ETH staked has increased. These rewards are derived from two primary sources, reflecting Ethereum’s modular design: Consensus Layer rewards and Execution Layer rewards.

Consensus Layer rewards are earned by validators for their role in securing the network, including attesting to and proposing new blocks. These rewards are funded through newly issued ETH, contributing to the network’s inflation and form a more predictable source of revenue. Execution Layer rewards, on the other hand, are tied to the variability in blockspace demand, consisting of priority fees and Maximal Extractable Value (MEV). During periods of heightened activity, such as the increase in blockspace demand in March, real staking APY spiked to 6.2%, and over 5% on August 5^th, 2024, driven by higher priority fees and therefore, execution layer rewards.

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data Pro

Staking yield can be evaluated in nominal or real (inflation-adjusted) terms to assess returns from participating in Ethereum’s consensus process. This helps stakers or investors understand their true rate of return and compare it to holding unstaked ETH. More broadly, ETH staking yield serves as a benchmark rate for the on-chain economy, similar to how U.S. Treasury bond yields are referenced in traditional finance. It offers a way for comparing risk-free rates and staking yields, highlighting opportunities across on-chain and off-chain ecosystems.

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data Pro

This staking yield could further enhance ETH’s appeal in investment vehicles like ETFs, as easing regulations potentially pave the way for staking based ether ETFs. ETH staking yield also underpins several DeFi primitives, such as liquid staking tokens, which serve as yield bearing collateral, as well as stablecoins such as Ethena’s USDe, and the restaking ecosystem (e.g., EigenLayer).

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data Pro

There is a close interplay between Ethereum’s economic design and staking incentives, which are shaped by network activity, transaction fees and ETH’s inflation rate. Higher network activity on mainnet and Layer–2’s increases transaction fees, which leads to more ETH being burned through the EIP–1559 mechanism, resulting in deflationary periods. When burning exceeds issuance, the inflation-adjusted yield becomes more attractive. Ethereum currently has a daily inflation rate of 0.00096%, annualized to 0.35%, as issuance slightly outpaces the burn.

Solana operates under a “delegated proof-of-stake” (DPoS) consensus mechanism. This allows SOL to be staked by both validators and delegators (SOL holders who contribute their stake to validators). Together, these tokens form the validator’s “stake,” which determines their influence in the consensus process and their ability to validate blocks.

In contrast to Ethereum, Solana has no minimum balance requirement to participate in staking. This low barrier to entry contributes to its relatively high staking ratio of 51%, with 297M SOL actively staked out of a current supply of 589M. Active stake is computed based on validators and delegators earning rewards in the most recent epoch, excluding those who did not receive rewards or exited prior to epoch end.

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data Pro

As a result, there are 1.22M stakers on Solana, of which 1.21M are delegators. However, the number of validators is substantially lower, at 5048 validators. This likely stems from the fact that running a Solana validator requires high performance infrastructure and a large SOL stake. The network operates on a leader-based consensus process, where a single validator is assigned to process blocks based on a rotating schedule. Leadership is determined by stake-weight, ensuring validators with more stake have greater influence.

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data Pro

Solana uses an inflationary model to distribute staking rewards, issuing SOL every epoch (roughly 2-3 days). This leads to the “spiky” nature of new issuance seen below in the chart. Inflation began at 8% in 2021, is set to decrease by 15% annually and currently stands at 4.7%.

Staking yields are primarily derived from inflationary rewards distributed on this schedule, supplemented by 50% of base fees, all priority fees, and MEV. It’s also worth noting that 92% of all stake on Solana utilizes the Jito validator client, which provides validators with additional, out-of-protocol economic incentives through tips. While Solana has also seen growth in liquid staking with protocols like Jito and Marinade, their adoption remains less prevalent compared to Ethereum.

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data Pro

Solana nominal staking APY is currently 11.5%, while real (inflation-adjusted) APY is 12.5%. These yields have risen recently, driven by a surge in priority fees in November as network activity picks up on Solana. As shown in the chart below, delegators earn a lower yield (~6.7 currently), receiving rewards only from new issuance, whale validators benefit from issuance, fees, commissions charged to delegators and their self-staked SOL. This structure highlights the additional incentives for running a validator, which comes with higher operational costs, favoring validators with the largest stake.

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data Pro

Ethereum and Solana’s staking mechanisms reflect their different design philosophies. Ethereum’s modular architecture separates execution and consensus, while Solana’s delegated proof-of-stake (DPoS) model integrates these functions with high-performance infrastructure. This leads to Solana having lower validator counts but a higher staking ratio, driven by a low barrier to entry for delegators. As the Ethereum and Solana network mature, their staking ecosystems and economic models will evolve, shaping network usage, issuance, and staking yields to meet the growing demands of their ecosystems.

This week’s updates from the Coin Metrics team:

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