Emin Gun Sirer, CEO of Ava Labs, is optimistic about using blockchain technology to solve the failures of centralized custodians

Vadim: I remember that back in 2017, I was wondering when the big companies and institutions would join the space. Now, we’re finally seeing it. And I think after this bear market, more companies will adopt the technology, and we definitely going to see another wave of mass adoption. What are the current challenges that DeFi adoption is facing, and how is Avalanche solving them?

Emin: Fantastic question. Until recently, DeFi has been a fantastic tool, mostly relegated to rich Western audiences. It has been mostly in the realm of people who got into Ethereum while it was very early for Ethereum and people who can afford the incredibly high fees that came with these single-chain systems, and so that’s one big problem.

The second reason for this was that the complexity of dealing with DeFi was beyond the abilities of most people; your regular users, your masses who we hope would adopt crypto, are not going to be able to deal with hexadecimal addresses jumping from contract to contract and doing what we called, degen operations using regular primitive tools, but the times are changing. 

And they’re changing in three major ways:

• Scalable smart contract platforms. Avalanche leads the way here, and it’s so fast that you can interact with Avalanche in real time with full finality in the blink of an eye. It is absolutely the fastest platform in terms of time to finality, such that when people interact with it, they think they’re dealing with a website even though they’re actually dealing with blockchain. So that by itself ends up overcoming a huge limitation of these platforms, which is the fee spikes and the time that result from congestion are eased out by these high capacity chains. So I expect that the fact that the gas fees are much lower going to be bringing has already brought a brand new audience into crypto. I’m really excited about what’s to come when, suddenly, lots more people can engage in DeFi and not have to pay more than a few cents per engagement.
   
• Second, we are seeing the emergence of dApps that execute on their own chains with the subnet architecture where for example, dApps like Dexalot are launched on Avalanche, but they execute on their own subnet, and that in itself allows the system to have even more capacity than it would. And it would it has infinitely more capacity than systems that are based on a single chain. Every single day, Avalanche can execute on its own chain, and the full capacity of the system is infinite as opposed to being limited by what you can do in a single chain.
• And finally, the complexity of interaction with these depths is being solved by a new range of wallets. So, we already have the L1 wars, kind of like operating system wars. You used to have the Windows people versus the Mac. The OS wars got fought out in the ‘90s. Then we graduated to having the browser wars. The browsers of blockchains are the wallets, which have, until now, been very, very primitive. 

To address the complexity in the space, we’ll introduce the core wallet that abstracts away much of the difficulty of using a blockchain. And I expect that with the core wallet, we’ll be able to onboard regular people who don’t need to understand complexities. We don’t need to look at hexadecimal numbers. We don’t have to hop from site to site. They can perform all of the needed—national transactions from within the core. And in fact, we’re not even calling it a wallet because it’s a command center; it’s essentially a one-stop and a front end for the various different applications that execute on-chain.

Vadim: The recent Amazon partnership announcement was great, but can you tell us more about subnets and their future in the broader network?

Emin: Avalanche uses the notion of subnets which are essentially application-specific that executes separately from the various different official chains. In fact, there is no such thing as an official chain on Avalanche. There are just a couple that is very popular, but every subnet is in effect at the same level of execution as the main as the other more popular chains. 

Amazon saw where the trend was going. It doesn’t take long to realize that this entire space started with Bitcoin, which is a single asset single chain system. It got expanded with Ethereum which is a multi-asset, single-chain system and now we are living through the Avalanche and others era, which is a multi-asset, multi-chain. 

This brings the question, “well, how do these multiple chains get started? How do they get supported?” And Amazon realized that, indeed, there is a big financial incentive for dApps to execute on their own chain and that they would like to be in the game of providing support services to people who start these chains. 

In fact, they’re not alone in this; the exact same process took place earlier, with Alibaba coming to the exact same conclusion and reaching out to us to partner with us. So Amazon was, in fact, the second Alibaba, another huge cloud provider that reached out to us. I want to reiterate that this is not your grandfather’s Amazon partnership announcement. We did not pay a single dime to Amazon for this partnership.  

Vadim: Does Avalanche have plans for decentralized identity?

Emin: Identity? Absolutely. We are currently working on institutional subnets with large players on Wall Street and elsewhere in the financial services world, and to do this properly, what you need is a strong form of identity that satisfies their compliance requirements. 

There are many different ways of doing this, and I see many of our competitors making various noises toward architectures that are inherently confining. 

Inherently limiting what we’ve done in partnership with various different business partners interested in launching their own institutional subnets is a notion of Federated Identity that allows every entrant to choose their compliance protocols and their notion of identity providers. Their coexisting on the same chains, in turn, allows traditional finance operations to be performed on a blockchain in a way that allows these institutions to remain compliant with a U.S. institution. 

This means there might be no North Koreans on the chain for the European audience. it might mean that GDPR is respected. For each region, there will be a different set of compliance instructions, and I should reiterate that a single chain system inherently cannot respond to all of these requirements, whereas various different subnets with different chains are inherently better suited for supporting components.  

In terms of Federated Identity, provision on blockchains is especially driven by these institutional providers of a huge financial incentive to get it right.