An Introduction to the Avalanche Network

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By: Tanay Ved & Matías Andrade

Layer-1 blockchains are the beating heart of the digital asset ecosystem, serving as the foundational infrastructure for the creation and execution of smart contracts. These platforms enable a wide spectrum of applications, ranging from financial services to social media. This landscape has seen a considerable evolution, fostering a diverse ecosystem of layer-1 networks—each presenting distinct advantages while navigating the complex trade-offs between scalability, security and decentralization.

At Coin Metrics, our goal is to provide the means to illuminate economic activity underpinning these networks, empowering users to explore their intricacies. With this in mind, we’re excited to have recently added Avalanche network data metrics, enhancing our suite of analytical tools across the digital asset universe. 

Avalanche plays a pivotal role as one of the leading layer-1 networks within a dynamic and increasingly multi-chain ecosystem. Its unique subnetwork approach, offering customizability, scalability and fast execution supports a vast array of applications—ranging from financial services to digital collectibles. Despite the recent market downturn, Avalanche has continued to grow, attracting developers, retail users and institutions to its three-chain architecture. In this week’s issue of Coin Metrics’ State of the Network, we navigate Avalanche’s role in the digital asset ecosystem. We’ll explore its unique features and highlight the state of the Avalanche network through an array of metrics illuminating adoption and usage characteristics.

Avalanche is a blockchain that leverages a modified proof-of-stake (PoS) mechanism, introduced in 2020 by the Ava Labs team. It is an open source, smart-contract platform for building decentralized apps (dApps) that is Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatible. Using the unique “Avalanche Consensus,” the network is focused on bringing highly scalable and interoperable infrastructure to the blockchain ecosystem.

Ava Labs was cofounded by Emin Gün Sirer, Ted Yin and Kevin Sekniqi—a professor and two doctoral students from Cornell University—in 2018, following their studies in distributed systems and cryptography. In 2003, Emin Gün Sirer published a paper discussing a novel approach to create a P2P cryptocurrency known as Karma, five years before the seminal Satoshi whitepaper. The AVAX token was born during the initial seed round in February 2019, raising $6M for 18M AVAX at $0.33 per token. This was followed by a second private token sale in May 2020 and subsequently a public sale in July 2020, which raised $42M at $0.58 per token. These funding efforts solidified the financial foundation for the Avalanche network and its native token, AVAX.

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data

AVAX is the native token of the Avalanche ecosystem. It functions as a unit of account, making it a key element for paying transaction fees and securing the network through staking. The maximum supply of AVAX tokens is capped at 720M, with the issuance of remaining tokens allocated towards staking rewards. This is central to Avalanche’s economic model, which aims to balance inflation with validator incentives to maintain network security. AVAX experienced breakthrough success in the prior market cycle, with its market capitalization peaking near $30B in 2021. Despite the overall market downturn, AVAX has regained its momentum—achieving returns of 260% since the beginning of 2023 and a market cap that currently sits around $14.5B—making it the 10^th largest digital asset.

Ava Labs’ major breakthrough lies in their permissionless and scalable consensus protocol, known as Avalanche Consensus. Unlike Bitcoin and Ethereum which process transactions sequentially in blocks, Avalanche employs a directed acyclic graph (DAG) architecture. This allows for transactions to be processed in parallel rather than linearly, significantly increasing throughput and speed.

Avalanche consensus stands out for its permissionless nature, meaning it doesn’t impose a strict limit on the number of validators, unlike other layer-1 solutions like Cosmos or BSC, which limit their active validators to 125 and 21, respectively. Its scalability is enhanced through subsampling, a method that reduces the number of validator votes needed for consensus, enabling the network to finalize transactions very quickly, often in under a second. Sampling allows the validator set to grow while maintaining a relatively constant number of messages that need to be exchanged. This contrasts with Ethereum, where the required communication between validators can rapidly increase as more validators join, potentially slowing down the network. In contrast, the validator set in Avalanche would have to increase from the current ~1750 to around 15,000 before the sampling rounds would have to increase, allowing for permissionless participation in the validation process.

Source: Avalanche Consensus Documentation

Additionally, Avalanche leverages proof of stake (PoS) to protect against sybil attacks—where a single entity creates numerous fake identities to gain large influence—requiring validators to put up at least 2000 AVAX as collateral. This is analogous to a security deposit, ensuring validators are aligned with the network’s health. The system is designed to be leaderless or without a central authority, allowing all staked validators to participate, ultimately enhancing decentralization by broadening the validator set. Avalanche also uses a variant of its consensus protocol known as Snowman Consensus for specific tasks, like managing the validator chain and the EVM chain, which is linear in its operation.

Avalanche’s architecture includes specialized subnetworks, known as ‘subnets’ which are a dynamic set of validators that work together to achieve consensus. They enable the creation of custom networks equipped with specific functionalities and rules to meet diverse needs. Subnets operate as self-governing networks within the larger Avalanche ecosystem and can be composed of their own validator set, specify their own execution logic, fee structures and maintain their own security.

Avalanche can be considered as a type of modular blockchain, albeit different from rollups, which achieve vertical scaling by separating functions like consensus, settlement and data availability to specialized layers (i.e., layer-2 rollups settling on Ethereum layer-1). Instead, Avalanche divides its main network into multiple sub-networks that function autonomously by managing their own consensus, execution and security, achieving horizontal scalability. This mitigates congestion issues since increased traffic for a specific application can be accommodated by subnets, providing additional blockspace and segregating the system’s load during periods of peak demand. 

Subnets are the foundation for several exciting developments taking place on Avalanche. Their design allows for the creation of highly specialized networks, catering to a wide variety of purposes from decentralized finance (DeFi) and gaming to private enterprise blockchains and regulatory compliant systems making them an increasingly popular choice for traditional financial institutions.

Avalanche mainnet is referred to as the “Primary Network”—a subnet running three blockchains:

• X-Chain (Exchange Chain): UTXO-based chain optimized to handle the creation and transfers of AVAX and other native assets. These are processed and developed using the Avalanche Virtual Machine (AVM) and the Avalanche Consensus protocol with a DAG architecture for high scalability.

• C-Chain (Contract Chain): Supports smart contracts and DeFi applications utilizing the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) for compatibility with Ethereum-based smart contracts. This chain is where most applications—such as Aave and Trader Joe operate on Avalanche. It uses the Snowman Consensus protocol, which processes transactions linearly.

• P-Chain (Platform Chain): Handles staking, platform governance, and validator activities using the Snowman Consensus protocol. This chain is also capable of handling subnets, which are chains that can support new virtual machines while incorporating rules and mechanisms.

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data

The transaction activity across Avalanche’s three chains further contextualizes their distinct roles. The C-Chain, serving as the base for smart contract operations and frequent user interactions, consistently registers the highest transaction count. After peaking above 1M transactions in early 2022, activity tapered off mirroring the wider industry’s downturn. However, by May 2023 activity rebounded to over 500k daily transactions. The influx of inscriptions—initially originating on Bitcoin—also contributed to a surge in activity, culminating in a record 6.3M daily transactions in November. 

In contrast, transactions on the P-Chain exhibit a distinct behavior, characterized by validator operations such as staking reward payouts. Delegators receive staking rewards for locking their AVAX tokens with validators for a period of 14 to 365 days, creating a cyclical transaction pattern that emerges upon the completion of the staking period.

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data

The X-Chain is particularly suitable for transferring AVAX tokens in a fast and cost effective manner. As evident in the chart above, the X-Chain demonstrates the largest mean transfer value, implying its use for high value transfers. It also enables the transfer of assets between subnets, enhancing interoperability and flexibility of asset movement within the Avalanche network.

Transaction fees on the Avalanche network are composed of a similar structure to Ethereum’s EIP-1559, consisting of a base fee and a priority fee (known as a ‘tip cap’). While base fees are dynamic and fluctuate based on the utilization of blockspace, the priority fee is an additional amount that users can pay to have their transactions processed faster. Both types of fees are paid in AVAX and are burned rather than being paid to validators, potentially enhancing the value of AVAX due to increased scarcity.

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data

Avalanche has experienced periods of significant usage, leading to the variability in average and total fees on the C-Chain. Since June 2022, mean fees on the C-Chain have hovered around $0.10, offering a more cost-effective alternative to chains with higher transaction costs. However, fueled by the wave of inscriptions, total fees reached an all-time high of $10.5M, while average fees were driven up to $1.7 in December 2023—showcasing the impact of high blockspace demand on transaction fees. The X-Chain, on the other hand, has maintained a mean transaction fee of less than $0.05, enhancing its suitability for managing tokens and associated transfers. 

Source: Coin Metrics Network Data

Driven by its low-cost, scalable, and customizable blockchain architecture, Avalanche has garnered significant adoption. In April 2023, daily active addresses and new addresses on the network surged past 500k, coinciding with heightened interest from notable financial institutions, including WisdomTree, T.Rowe Price, Wellington Management, and Cumberland. These institutions utilized Avalanche’s Evergreen subnet, “Spruce,” an EVM-based chain featuring a permissioned validator set and a custom gas token, to explore the settlement and trade execution of foreign exchange and interest-rate swaps. This partnership highlights Avalanche’s appeal to the financial sector, showcasing its potential to streamline trade settlements and reduce costs. Additionally, Avalanche’s involvement in “Project Guardian,” alongside J.P. Morgan and other major players, demonstrates its role in facilitating the tokenization of portfolios, offering portfolio managers access to a wider range of funds through interoperable blockchains. 

These developments are few of many examples showcasing Avalanche’s value proposition for financial institutions, aligning with its vision to “Digitize All the World’s Assets”. 

Avalanche’s distinctive consensus mechanism and subnet architecture position it uniquely within the layer-1 landscape, addressing the complex tradeoffs of scalability and interoperability. The network’s robust usage and adoption metrics reflect its ability to support a diverse range of applications and cater to a wide spectrum of end users. Amplified by its innovative use of subnets, Avalanche has catalyzed a shift towards asset tokenization, laying the groundwork to digitize the world’s assets on a unified platform, ultimately enabling more efficient and accessible financial systems. The subnet framework, complemented by essential tools like the Core Wallet, promise to extend Avalanche’s reach into various verticals, thereby enriching its ecosystem and broadening its appeal. As the digital asset landscape shifts towards a multi-chain and interoperable future, Avalanche seems well positioned to play a significant role.

To dive further into Avalanche, check out our Network Data metrics & dashboard below

Avalanche Network Data Metrics

Avalanche Dashboard

Bitcoin and Ethereum added 6% to their market capitalization over the week as BTC rallied over $50K for the first time since December 2021. Circle’s USDC supply also increased by 3%, reaching $24B from a low of $21.8B in November 2023. 

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Coin Metrics’ State of the Network, is an unbiased, weekly view of the crypto market informed by our own network (on-chain) and market data.

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